Besides the religion, what's the difference between Arabs and Jews, if they are the same people from the same part of the Middle East?

Israel, being a Jewish majority country (and because of this), is typified by:

There is good reason why they bear distinctive names…

Jews are a part of the Western Civilization and adhere to Western values. Actually, a great deal of these values stem from Jewish ethics.

Olfactory neurons use unexpected 'solid' clusters to achieve genetic precision - Phys.org

Liberalism - as defined by Merriam-Webster: “a political philosophy based on belief in progress and stressing the essential goodness of the human race, freedom for the individual from arbitrary authority, and protection and promotion of political and civil liberties.”

Pluralism - as defined by Cambridge dictionary: “the belief that the existence of different types of people within the same society is a good thing”

They are not the same people.

Pac-12’s new media rights deal will feel familiar to San Diego State fans - San Diego Union-Tribune

Positive social mobility - and back to Cambridge dictionary: “the ability to move from one level of society to another”, namely and in practical terms, the ability of any person of any social level to change his or her level, based on personal skills and ambition.

In a nutshell, the Arabs are the exact opposite…

Besides, while the world “Jews” is both a religious and ethnic term, the word “Arab” is a cultural term.

Scientists map how alcohol changes bodily sensations - PsyPost

Religion is far from being a major player in the Middle Eastern conflict and this follows the biggest difference between Jews and the peoples of the Middle East, colloquially named “Arabs.”